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A return to Antikythera
I always try to inject the history of technology into every class, however for me the history of technology isn’t just about its digital offshoot, but rather technology in general. After all, technology – in a general sense – is using what you know to achieve a goal. I’m as interested in the Oldawan and Acheulean toolmaking industries, the abacus, the slide rule, the ENIAC, and the Analytical Engine as I am in Apple, artificial intelligence, space travel, and bionics.
That is why I was overjoyed to see this story on Sky news, stating that divers will be using the most advanced diving suits ever made to search out the rest of the components of the fabled Antikythera mechanism (that’s a picture of the original up above).
This is really two tech stories in one: The first is the development and use of the diving suits, and the second is the search for the remaining components of the mechanism. I’ll start with the suit.
The exosuit, as it’s called, is a pretty impressive device. It reminds me of a modern version of the Big Daddy from Bioshock. As the article states it’s fully articulated at the joints allowing for full movement, has claws for grasping whatever treasure the diver may find, transmits video via fiber optic cable, and control can even be taken over by people topside in case the diver is rendered incapable. It can operate at 1000 feet, and because it’s fed by cables the diver can stay down as long as necessary. I believe it’s one of the indicators of the future of deep exploration, a great step forward.
But the real story here is the search for the remainder of the mythical Antikythera mechanism. This is a long, involved story so I will try to be brief, yet complete.
In 1901, divers off the coast of Antikythera, Greece, discovered among an ancient wrecked ship what appeared to be a complex, gear-driven device that turned out to be around 2000 years old. It took scientists over 100 years to determine what it was, and how it worked. Eventually it was discovered that this device was used to track all sorts of information in intricate detail: The movement of the stars and planets, tides, predict when both solar and lunar eclipses would take place to name but a few, and it did so accurately to the second. It even accounted for leap years! It is believed by most to have been built by fabled mathematician Archimedes.
It was so advanced that nothing like it had been seen up to that point, and it took another 2000 years (that’s two entire millennia!) before anything even came close to it again. Some say it’s the first analog computer ever made, but simpler machines such as the previously-mentioned abacus could be classified similarly.
The Antikythera mechanism, after extensive investigation and input from many specialists, not to mention many, many years, was slowly recreated digitally and pieced back together. This new dive, then, is incredibly exciting, as it will hopefully piece together some of the lingering questions that still remain. It is my opinion that, with all due respect to the marvelous creations developed throughout computing history, the Antikythera mechanism – because of the time of its development and the precision of its functions – is the single most amazing piece of technology ever created.
I have embedded two full-length documentaries below that examine the device, its restoration and recreation, and the current state of knowledge in regards to it. The first is from the Ancient Discoveries series, the second is from NOVA. They’re both incredibly interesting, you won’t be disappointed!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-KO4-zx9buc
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZeJz2kvkEvM
Fun computer-thingy time!
I posted this last semester and it received positive feedback, so I thought you might like to see it too. That interesting piece of art you see above is actually the result of a tiny program, IOGraph, that tracks mouse movements and converts them into a graphic visualization. Just download it, double-click the program icon and let it run in the background, no install necessary. The above graphic is from about two hours of computer use on my laptop, with the lines being mouse movements and the circles indicating when the mouse was at rest and for how long. I don’t think the colors are relevant but I’m not certain. You can make your own digital art, and the resulting images -which are titled with how long you used the program – are large enough to use as wallpaper!
While it’s a fun diversion, perhaps even offering insight to how you use your machine, it’s actually a good example of an academic discipline known as Human Factors, which is the study of how people interact with things, and how to design those things to facilitate that interaction. It’s a fascinating and interdisciplinary area, combining many areas of study including Computer Science, Psychology, Sociology, and Industrial Design to name a few. There is a technology-based sub-discipline of Human Factors known as Human Computer Interaction (HCI), sometimes also referred to as Human Centered Computing (HCC), that focuses on how people interact with technology and how to design technology to make interacting with it more obvious and intuitive, effective and efficient. It also happens to be the discipline in which I have my Ph.D. This is a good example of the type of tracking tool researchers might use to measure an aspect of a user’s interaction with technology, however the most common of this type of tool is an eye-tracker, which superimposes the target of a user’s gaze on the screen. But mouse-tracking such as this is is used as well. In fact, there’s a function known as Fitts’ Law that measures the accuracy of movement form an origin to a destination, and it has been adapted as a foundational law of HCI/HCC for measuring things like icon placement, size, and design.

The program window is very small and takes up very few resources. It can be minimized to run in the background.
If you would like to look around the program’s page then I certainly encourage you to do that, and you can download the program from there, however the big download link is for Linux, while the download links for Mac and Windows are at the bottom of the page and represented by tiny icons. If you just want to download the thing and get to tracking, for Windows you can click here for the .exe file and for Mac you can click here for the .dmg file (right-click and select ‘save file as’ to control where it downloads).
The Turing Test defeated! Well, maybe.
Anyone who has been in my class (in fact I’m posting this because I received a few emails from you about this story) knows the acronym CAPTCHA; it stands for Completely Automated Public Turing Test to tell Computers and Humans Apart. It is also one of the main methods for ensuring that someone entering or registering for a website is actually a human. It looks like one of these guys:
There are many variations on this, including picture CAPTCHAs, animated CAPTCHAs, I even found this dice-based CAPTCHA, which is my favorite one of all.
The big question that always comes up about a CAPTCHA isn’t the thing itself, but rather what is meant by “Turing Test?” At its most basic, the test asks whether a machine can have a text-based conversation with a human, and convince the human that they are having a conversation with another person. If the machine can do that, it has passed the Turing Test. It is named after the tragic yet pioneering scholar and mathematician Alan Turing who postulated the concept of thinking machines.
These Turing tests have been going on for decades – one of the first conversational programs was Eliza (a version of which you can interact with here), followed by many more – now we have things like Siri and Cortana, we had visions of this in movies all the way back in 1968 with the landmark film 2001: A Space Odyssey and more recently Her, with a myriad in-between in which the lines between machines and humans are being blurred. However, no one mistakes those constructs for a human. Remember, in the Turing Test, the human can’t see who they’re conversing with.
Now, however, there are news reports all over the place about a machine from the University of Reading, specifically a supercomputer masquerading as 13 year-old boy Eugene Goostman, finally passing the Turing Test. I believe it has already been passed many times, but this for some reason is more official. Don’t be fooled just yet, however, as there is a massive amount of debate as to whether or not the results are valid. The arguments are two-fold: First, is it really artificail intelligence? I believe this is a non-starter as the Turing Test isn’t meant to measure that in the first place, it’s a question beyond the scope of the test. The second argument I’ve heard, however, is more valid: Because the machine was masquerading as a 13 year-old boy and not an adult, it didn’t have to present the same level of “intelligence” that other systems attempt to convey, therefore making its task easier. I think that’s a valid point, and we’ll have to see how the debate plays out.
If you would like to give Eugene, that is the software that portends to be Eugene, a try, you can tinker with an earlier version of it here. Have creepy fun!
Are we on the cusp of real-time translation?
The article I’m about to link to covers so much that I talk about in class, including neural networks, deep learning, artificial intelligence, real-time speech parsing for things like Siri, corpus analysis (evaluating large collections of text) and so on that it boggles the mind.
There are already a myriad of tools to help you convert one language into another in almost real time, including apps for iPhone, Android, and Windows. Something like that is very useful if you are, say, traveling and don’t speak the local language.
Now, however, Microsoft is planning on releasing functionality in Skype that doesn’t simply translate text, but will translate spoken conversation from one language to another in real time.
This may not seem like a big deal, but it could be very useful for obvious reasons, for example company meetings comprising employees from different countries, or medical consultations with specialists from around the world, or having a classroom comprised of students from all over. Or, for more mundane reasons, if you simply had friends whose native language was different from your own.
Whatever the use, something like this would be a big step in further shrinking the world and removing a significant communication barrier that has always existed. The implications for this type of functionality are enormous.
The Internet in Real Time
We once discussed in class that we create as much information every two days as we did from the beginning of time until 2006. It’s a hard statistic to process, the numbers and amounts of information are so vast that trying to imagine it is all but impossible.
If you would like to see a small part of that information being created however, then you should head over to The Internet in Real Time. The header image for this post is a screenshot of the page, and each of those tiles is updating in real time as you watch along with a statistic of how many gigabytes of data has transferred over the Internet as you watched. The number may not look so big considering it’s the whole Internet, but remember that only 1000 gigabytes makes a terabyte, 1000 terabytes makes a petabyte, and 1000 of those makes an exobyte! When you think about it that way, that number is pretty big.
So click over, and be amazed!
It’s happening.
See those up there? Those are Bitcoins, a form of digital currency. That also means they’re not *real* Bitcoins since real Bitcoins are actually digital…you get the idea.
Anyway, now take a look at the picture below.
Notice anything…odd? I saw this yesterday on the door of a small cafe on Decatur and I had to take a picture. You’ll notice that under the list of credit cards they take, it shows they also take Bitcoin.
I predict we will see this much more often. Bitcoin is a digital currency earned through running algorithms on a PC known as mining. Solve the algorithm, earn some Bitcoin. It’s a gross over-simplification, but that’s essentially how it works. The hardware required to do this, in other words the computational cost, has been increasing as the algorithms have been becoming more complex, however the value of Bitcoins has been rising as well – last year a single Bitcoin was worth an all-time high of $1200. At the time of this posting, one Bitcoin is worth $533.
So disruptive has Bitcoin been, and so much has it become an economic force, that countries including Canada, the United States, and even Iran have suggested they will consider regulation, while others such as Jordan and Israel have warned against it, Germany will tax it as private money, England won’t, and Japan has no plans to address it at all. Whether or not that is because of the spectacular collapse of Japanese Bitcoin exchange Mt. Gox is unknown, but there is likely some influence there.
Thousands of places take bitcoin as payment, but not Amazon, which may be needed to truly make them mainstream.
There was also the very sad story about the poor guy who disposed of a hard drive containing around $9 million worth of Bitcoin in a landfill. That’s because he mined the coins when it was a new hobbyist thing done by computer geeks, and not the global juggernaut it is now, and didn’t realize their value.
As you can see, there is a lot going on with Bitcoin and while it is still the techie’s domain, I suspect that will change in somewhat, but not very, short order.
PC-camera spying software leads to arrests.
Ever wonder if people can watch you through your PC’s webcam? Well, if it makes you feel any better, they can! it has been going on for a while, in fact – for example, there was this story from 2010 about teachers and administrators watching students at home through their webcams for disciplinary purposes. Completely invalid, unacceptable disciplinary purposes that ended in a huge scandal, but they were still doing it.
More recently, last week in fact, the creators of Blackshades RAT, and many of its users, were arrested. Blackshades RAT (Remote Access Tool or Remote Administration Trojan, depending on who you talk to) is a trojan that infects a PC when the owner opens an attachment in an email which then installs the tool. Once that happens, it allows a remote user to see through the PC’s camera and record what it sees without the owner’s knowledge. It’s believed that around 500,000 machines were infected worldwide.
The raid on the creators and users was an international effort that took place in many countries and saw almost 100 people taken in to custody. It was brought to light when a hacker attempted to blackmail Miss Teen USA with images recorded using the trojan, but it backfired when she contacted law enforcement and went public.
It’s an interesting case, since the creators of software aren’t usually held responsible for what the users of that software do. In this case, though, since the software was sold for $40 through their site, was designed explicitly to carry out illegal acts, and even offered technical support through their website, there was more leeway in the prosecution. The outcome of the raid is unknown for now, but it will be interesting to see how it all works out.
A couple of additional points: The only anti-virus program I could find that confirmed the ability to remove this malware is Symantec’s Norton Antivirus, a product I am not a big fan of, as you all know. I believe most antivirus programs have the capability to remove this malware, but you’ll want to check to be sure. Also, sometimes people advise that you put black electrical tape over your webcam if not using it. I advise against that because it will gum up the front of the camera and prevent the laptop from closing, and if you don’t clean off the gum it can even damage the machine. You can hang something over it, cloth perhaps, use a binder clip, but electrical tape is a bad idea. But it is a good idea to cover it!
China charged with hacking U.S. companies
If you haven’t heard, the United States, for the first time ever, has filed charges against another government. Specifically, China. This was because the U.S. discovered that members of the Chinese military, who were part of an elite unit known as 61398, used what’s known as spearphishing, in which phishing emails are sent to a specific company to get information about that specific company, then once inside stole corporate secrets that allowed them to create new, cheaper products that then flooded the American market, from steel tubes to nuclear power plants. This is known as Industrial Espionage.
The result is lost jobs and closed companies, and the U.S. isn’t willing to let this go. Of course China denies it, even going so far as to issue a warning, but the evidence is clear. Even so, filing charges against another COUNTRY, as opposed to a foreign company or person, is untested ground.
Michael Jackson performs once more.
I’m not sure exactly why, but people are often surprised to find out I’m a fan of Michael Jackson. He was a great performer, great entertainer, great songwriter, and the entertainment world is worse of because of his loss.
However, during this year’s Billboard Music Awards (held right here in Las Vegas, by the way), we were able to see him perform one more time, through realistic light projection similar to the process that brought Tupac Shakur back to life at Coachella a couple of years ago.
This time, it was Michael Jackson that received the treatment. It combines live dancers with pre-recorded and holographic technology to bring the performer back to life. The technology involved is mainly projection technology, but its development and history, even its ownership, is murky and involves a bankrupt company that originally brought Tupac back to life, and the current owners of the technology actually sued to have MJ’s performance blocked!
The video of his posthumous performance is below. Pretty amazing stuff, and I’m very curious to see who gets the treatment next. I’m guessing Elvis.
Love Star Trek? Have $35,000,000? This house is for you!
Star Trek, originally run for three seasons from 1966-1969, predicted many of the technologies we have today. Communicators, space travel tech, medical technology, automatic doors, voice commands, big screens, portable computers, in fact it predicted so much that there was a TV show called How William Shatner Changed the World, which focused on the predictions the show made.
If that isn’t enough for you, if you need to live *in* the Star Trek universe and happen to be rich, really rich, supa-dupa rich, and don’t mind living in Florida, then do I have the house for you. A spectacular house that has been built up to represent everything Star Trek. Never mind the 16 bathrooms, full arcade, and bridge-movie-theater, it’s Star Trek!
Read the article and definitely take a look at the pictures over on Cnet. The full listing for the house is here.